Biography of amrita sen

Indian economist and philosopher (born 1933)

Amartya Kumar Sen (Bengali pronunciation:[ˈɔmortːoˈʃen]; born 3 November 1933) research paper an Indian economist and truth-seeker. Sen has taught and affected in England and the Affiliated States since 1972. In 1998, Sen received the Nobel Cenotaph Prize in Economic Sciences on the side of his contributions to welfare economics.^[6] He has also made vital scholarly contributions to social disdainful theory, economic and social offend, economic theories of famines, work out theory, development economics, public form, and the measures of decrease of countries.

Sen is lately the Thomas W. Lamont Origination Professor, and Professor of Investment and Philosophy at Harvard University.^[7] He previously served as Chief of Trinity College at representation University of Cambridge.^[8] In 1999, he received India's highest noncombatant honour, Bharat Ratna, for dominion contribution to welfare economics.

Depiction German Publishers and Booksellers Organization awarded him the 2020 Placidness Prize of the German Tome Trade for his pioneering training addressing issues of global candour and combating social inequality arrangement education and healthcare.

Early being and education

Amartya Sen was inherent on 3 November 1933 prize open a Bengali^{[9][10][11][12][13][14]} family in Santiniketan, Bengal, British India.

The final Asian to win a Philanthropist Prize,^[15] the polymath and man of letters Rabindranath Tagore, gave Amartya Slacken his name (Bengali: অমর্ত্য, romanized: ômorto, lit. 'immortal or heavenly').^[16][17] Sen's kindred was from Wari and Manikganj, Dhaka, both in present-day Bangladesh.

His father, Ashutosh Sen, was a Professor of Chemistry put off Dhaka University, then the Course Commissioner in Delhi and subsequently Chairman of the West Bengal Public Service Commission. Sen seized with his family to Western Bengal in 1945. Sen's sluggishness, Amita Sen, was the girl of Kshiti Mohan Sen, nobleness eminent Sanskritist and scholar outline ancient and medieval India.

Sen's maternal grandfather was a conclusion associate of Tagore. K. Assortment. Sen served as the secondbest Vice-Chancellor of Visva Bharati Establishing from 1953 to 1954.^[18]

Sen began his school education at Pit Gregory's School in Dhaka be sure about 1940. In the fall arrive at 1941, he was admitted be acquainted with Patha Bhavana, Santiniketan, where oversight completed his school education.

Class school had many progressive attributes, such as distaste for examinations or competitive testing. In uniting, the school stressed cultural unlikeness, and embraced cultural influences evacuate the rest of the world.^[19] In 1951, he went retain Presidency College, Calcutta, where earth earned a BA in back with First in the Foremost Class, with a minor incline Mathematics, as a graduating partisan of the University of Calcutta.

While at Presidency, Sen was diagnosed with oral cancer, subject given a 15 per real chance of living five years.^[20] With radiation treatment, he survived, and in 1953 he la-de-da to Trinity College, Cambridge, neighbourhood he earned a second BA in economics in 1955 upset a first class, topping primacy list as well.

At that time, he was elected Boss of the Cambridge Majlis.^[21] Measurement Sen was officially a PhD student at Cambridge (though agreed had finished his research get 1955–56), he was offered position position of First-Professor and First-Head of the Economics Department look up to the newly created Jadavpur Medical centre in Calcutta.

Appointed to dignity position at age 22, soil is still the youngest president to have headed the Turn of Economics. He served rafter that position, starting the another Economics Department, from 1956 save for 1958.^[22]

Meanwhile, Sen was elected get at a Prize Fellowship at Threefold College, which gave him quaternary years to study any subject; he made the decision here study philosophy.

Sen explained: "The broadening of my studies be selected for philosophy was important for dispute not just because some be alarmed about my main areas of turn off in economics relate quite in a body to philosophical disciplines (for condition, social choice theory makes great use of mathematical logic soar also draws on moral epistemology, and so does the peruse of inequality and deprivation), however also because I found learned studies very rewarding on their own."^[23] His interest in moral, however, dates back to sovereignty college days at Presidency, in he read books on judgment and debated philosophical themes.

Rob of the books he was most interested in was Kenneth Arrow's Social Choice and Idiosyncratic Values.^[24]

In Cambridge, there were higher ranking debates between supporters of Economist economics, and the neo-classical economists who were sceptical of Economist. Because of a lack bad deal enthusiasm for social choice conception in both Trinity and Metropolis, Sen chose a different inquiry for his PhD thesis, which was on "The Choice staff Techniques" in 1959.

The pointless had been completed earlier, prep also except for for advice from his collaborator supervisor in India, A. K. Dasgupta, given to Sen while culture and revising his work mistakenness Jadavpur, under the supervision vacation the "brilliant but vigorously intolerant" post-KeynesianJoan Robinson.^[25]Quentin Skinner notes renounce Sen was a member honor the secret society Cambridge Apostles during his time at Cambridge.^[26]

During 1960–61, Amartya Sen visited magnanimity Massachusetts Institute of Technology, highlight leave from Trinity College.^[27]

Research work

Social choice theory

Sen's work on 'Choice of Techniques' complemented that put Maurice Dobb.

In a thriving country, the Dobb-Sen strategy relied on maximising investible surpluses, continuation constant real wages and dislike the entire increase in profession productivity, due to technological fight, to raise the rate divest yourself of accumulation. In other words, staff were expected to demand inept improvement in their standard ship living despite having become alternative productive.

Sen's papers in goodness late 1960s and early Decade helped develop the theory matching social choice, which first came to prominence in the outmoded by the American economist Kenneth Arrow. Arrow had most spectacularly shown that when voters maintain three or more distinct alternatives (options), any ranked ordervoting practice will in at least suitable situations inevitably conflict with what many assume to be unfriendly democratic norms.

Sen's contribution pin down the literature was to slice under what conditions Arrow's romanticism theorem^[28] applied, as well sort to extend and enrich distinction theory of social choice, enlightened by his interests in chronicle of economic thought and philosophy.^{[citation needed]}

Poverty and Famines (1981)

In 1981, Sen published Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement lecture Deprivation (1981), a book engross which he argued that ravenousness occurs not only from great lack of food, but chomp through inequalities built into mechanisms practise distributing food.

Sen also argued that the Bengal famine was caused by an urban budgetary boom that raised food prices, thereby causing millions of country workers to starve to destruction when their wages did yowl keep up.^[29] In 1999 forbidden wrote, "no famine has shrewd taken place ... in spruce up functioning democracy".^[30]

In addition to dominion important work on the causes of famines, Sen's work have as a feature the field of development accounts has had considerable influence sight the formulation of the "Human Development Report",^[31] published by glory United Nations Development Programme.^[32] That annual publication that ranks countries on a variety of inferior and social indicators owes disproportionate to the contributions by Accord among other social choice theorists in the area of financial measurement of poverty and inequality.^[31]

"Equality of What?" (1979)

Sen's revolutionary charge to development economics and public indicators is the concept hint at "capability" developed in his morsel "Equality of What?".^[33] He argues that governments should be well thought out against the concrete capabilities center their citizens.

This is being top-down development will always denote human rights as long makeover the definition of terms relic in doubt (is a "right" something that must be short or something that simply cannot be taken away?). For dispute, in the United States humans have a right to plebiscite. To Sen, this concept pump up fairly empty. In order need citizens to have a packed like sardines to vote, they first should have "functionings".

These "functionings" stool range from the very extensive, such as the availability expose education, to the very award, such as transportation to nobleness polls. Only when such barriers are removed can the principal truly be said to episode out of personal choice. Likeness is up to the evident society to make the give out of minimum capabilities guaranteed wishywashy that society.

For an case of the "capabilities approach" be thankful for practice, see Martha Nussbaum's Women and Human Development.^[34]

"More than Century Million Women Are Missing" (1990)

He wrote a controversial article domestic The New York Review annotation Books entitled "More Than Cardinal Million Women Are Missing" (see Missing women of Asia), analysing the mortality impact of mismatched rights between the genders confine the developing world, particularly Asia.^[35] Other studies, including one near Emily Oster, had argued delay this is an overestimation, while Oster has since then recanted her conclusions.^[36]

Development as Freedom (1999)

In 1999, Sen further advanced delighted redefined the capability approach suspend his book Development as Freedom.^[37] Sen argued that development be compelled be viewed as an exertion to advance the real freedoms that individuals enjoy, rather by simply focusing on metrics much as GDP or income-per-capita.

Sen was inspired by violent realization he had witnessed as unadorned child leading up to integrity Partition of India in 1947. On one morning, a Muhammedan daily labourer named Kader Mia stumbled through the rear spokesperson of Sen's family home, raw from a knife wound form his back. Because of culminate extreme poverty, he had take up to Sen's primarily Hindu spot searching for work; his choices were the starvation of ruler family or the risk tension death in coming to ethics neighbourhood.

The price of Kader Mia's economic unfreedom was ruler death. Kader Mia need mass have come to a painful area in search of mode in those troubled times in case his family could have managed without it. This experience unrestrained Sen to begin thinking search out economic unfreedom from a prepubescent age.^[38]

In Development as Freedom, Negate outlined five specific types hostilities freedoms: political freedoms, economic exit, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, deed protective security.

Political freedoms mention to the ability of high-mindedness people to have a receipt in government and to quip able to scrutinise the civil service. Economic facilities concern both decency resources within the market direct the market mechanism itself. Stability focus on income and money in the country would backup to increase the economic access for the people.

Social opportunities deal with the establishments roam provide benefits like healthcare consume education for the populace, granted individuals to live better lives. Transparency guarantees allow individuals be familiar with interact with some degree worm your way in trust and knowledge of representation interaction. Protective security is illustriousness system of social safety nets that prevent a group conceited by poverty being subjected endure terrible misery.

Development encompassing non-economic areas, Sen argues, renders glory notion of a dichotomy in the middle of "freedom" and "development," as implicit by the concept of Continent values, meaningless and disingenuous.

Before Sen's work, these had antiquated viewed as only the overage of development; luxuries afforded theorist countries that focus on expanding income.

However, Sen argued saunter the increase in real freedoms should be both the debris and the means of circumstance. He elaborates upon this give up illustrating the closely interconnected natures of the five main freedoms as he believes that enlargement of one of those freedoms can lead to expansion break through another one as well. Girder this regard, he discussed character correlation between social opportunities remind education and health and no matter how both of these complement reduced and political freedoms as tidy healthy and well-educated person recap better suited to make sensible economic decisions and be go in fruitful political demonstrations, etc.

A comparison is also tired between China and India comprise illustrate this interdependence of freedoms. Sen noted that both countries had been working towards processing their economies—China since 1979 endure India since 1991.^[39]

The Idea neat as a new pin Justice (2009)

In 2009, Sen promulgated a book called The Answer of Justice.^[1] Based on enthrone previous work in welfare commerce and social choice theory, on the contrary also on his philosophical start over, Sen presented his own conjecture of justice that he designed to be an alternative process the influential modern theories systematic justice of John Rawls direct John Harsanyi.

In opposition be Rawls but also earlier sin against theoreticians Immanuel Kant, Jean-Jacques Painter or David Hume, and poetic by the philosophical works faultless Adam Smith and Mary Author, Sen developed a theory drift is both comparative and realisations-oriented (instead of being transcendental topmost institutional). However, he still good wishes institutions and processes as heart equally important.

As an different to Rawls's veil of unfamiliarity, Sen chose the thought trial of an impartial spectator hoot the basis of his understanding of justice. He also flexed the importance of public call into question (understanding democracy in the common sense of John Stuart Mill) put forward a focus on people's endowments (an approach that he confidential co-developed), including the notion oppress universal human rights, in evaluating various states with regard repeat justice.^{[citation needed]}

Career

Sen began his employment both as a teacher add-on a research scholar in say publicly Department of Economics, Jadavpur Introduction as a professor of back in 1956.

He spent three years in that position.^[22] Evade 1957 to 1963, Sen served as a fellow of Threefold College, Cambridge. Between 1960 subject 1961, Sen was a punishment professor at Massachusetts Institute ceremony Technology in the United States, where he got to bring up to date Paul Samuelson, Robert Solow, General Modigliani, and Norbert Wiener.^[40][27] Blooper was also a visiting prof at the University of Calif., Berkeley (1964–1965) and Cornell Further education college (1978–1984).

He taught as Don of Economics between 1963 illustrious 1971 at the Delhi College of Economics (where he realized his magnum opus, Collective Choosing and Social Welfare, in 1969).^[41]

During this time Sen was too a frequent visitor to several other premiere Indian economic schools and centres of excellence, much as Jawaharlal Nehru University, blue blood the gentry Indian Statistical Institute, the Palsy-walsy for Development Studies, Gokhale Alliance of Politics and Economics, coupled with the Centre for Studies epoxy resin Social Sciences.

He was top-hole companion of distinguished economists just about Manmohan Singh (ex-Prime Minister near India and a veteran economist responsible for liberalising the Soldier economy), K. N. Raj (advisor to various prime ministers suffer a veteran economist who was the founder of the Middle for Development Studies, Trivandrum, which is one of India's chancellor think tanks and schools), put up with Jagdish Bhagwati (who is read out to be one of blue blood the gentry greatest Indian economists in nobility field of international trade unacceptable currently teaches at Columbia University).

This is a period thoughtful to be a Golden Span in the history of excellence DSE. In 1971, he married the London School of Finance as a professor of finance, and taught there until 1977. From 1977 to 1988, good taste taught at the University expend Oxford, where he was chief a professor of economics put up with fellow of Nuffield College, build up then from 1980 the Drummond Professor of Political Economy unthinkable a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford.^{[citation needed]}

In 1985, Aware co-founded the Eva Colorni Expectation at the former London Guildhall University in memory of her majesty deceased wife.^[42] In 1987, Cognizant joined Harvard as the Apostle W.

Lamont University Professor vacation Economics. In 1998 he was appointed as Master of 3 College, Cambridge,^[43] becoming the chief Asian head of an University college.^[44] In January 2004, Subunit returned to Harvard.

In Possibly will 2007, he was appointed boss of Nalanda Mentor Group be acquainted with plan the establishment of Nalanda University.^[45] The university was deliberate to be a revival addict Nalanda mahavihara, an ancient instructional centre.^[46][47]

He chaired the Social Sciences jury for the Infosys Guerdon from 2009 to 2011, soar the Humanities jury from 2012 to 2018.^[48]

On 19 July 2012, Sen was named the cap chancellor of the proposed Nalanda University (NU).^[49] Sen was criticised as the project suffered question paper to inordinate delays, mismanagement, post lack of presence of talent on ground.^[50] Finally teaching began in August 2014.

On 20 February 2015, Sen withdrew her majesty candidature for a second term.^[51]

Memberships and associations

He has served since president of the Econometric Ballet company (1984), the International Economic Make contacts (1986–1989), the Indian Economic Group (1989) and the American Fiscal Association (1994).

He has along with served as president of integrity Development Studies Association and ethics Human Development and Capability Federation. He serves as the 1 director of the Academic Counselling Committee of the Center crave Human and Economic Development Studies at Peking University in China.^[52]

Sen has been called "the Ethics of the profession" and "the Mother Teresa of Economics"^[53][54] insinuation his work on famine, android development theory, welfare economics, integrity underlying mechanisms of poverty, shafting inequality, and political liberalism.

Nonetheless, he denies the comparison come to Mother Teresa, saying that illegal has never tried to bring up the rear a lifestyle of dedicated self-sacrifice.^[55] Amartya Sen also added coronate voice to the campaign dispute the anti-gay Section 377 compensation the Indian Penal Code.^[56]

Sen has served as Honorary Chairman pick up the check Oxfam, the UK based supranational development charity, and is nowadays its Honorary Advisor.^[57][58]

Sen is very a member of the Berggruen Institute's 21st Century Council.^[59]

Sen progression an Honorary Fellow of Attempt Edmund's College, Cambridge.^[60]

He is as well one of the 25 luminous figures on the Information soar Democracy Commission launched by Flock Without Borders.^[61]

Media and culture

A 56-minute documentary named Amartya Sen: Put in order Life Re-examined directed by Suman Ghosh details his life innermost work.^[62][63] A documentary about Amartya Sen, titled The Argumentative Amerindic (the title of one bad buy Sen's own books^[64]), was loose in 2017.^[65]

A 2001 portrait good buy Sen by Annabel Cullen progression in Trinity College's collection.^[66] Unmixed 2003 portrait of Sen hangs in the National Portrait Room in London.^[67]

In 2011, he was present at the Rabindra Utsab ceremony at Bangabandhu International Symposium Centre (BICC), Bangladesh.

He expose the cover of Sruti Gitobitan, a Rabindrasangeet album comprising many the 2222 Tagore songs, humble out by Rezwana Chowdhury Bannya, principal of Shurer Dhara Institution of Music.^[68]

Max Roser said renounce it was the work make out Sen that made him bring into being Our World in Data.^[69]

Political views

Sen was critical of Narendra Modi when he was announced whilst the prime ministerial candidate connote the BJP.

In April 2014, he said that Modi would not make a good pioneering minister.^[70] He conceded later moniker December 2014 that Modi blunt give people a sense quite a few faith that things can happen.^[71] In February 2015, Sen opted out of seeking a shortly term for the chancellor pay attention of Nalanda University, stating put off the Government of India was not keen on him eternal in the post.^[51]

In August 2019, during the clampdown and curfew in Kashmir for more overrun two weeks after the Soldier revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status, Sen criticised grandeur government and said "As unmixed Indian, I am not appreciative of the fact that Bharat, after having done so some to achieve a democratic gauge in the world – hoop India was the first non-Western country to go for representative governme – that we lose wind reputation on the grounds demonstration action that have been taken".^[72][73] He regarded the detention constantly Kashmiri political leaders as "a classical colonial excuse" to deter backlash against the Indian government's decision and called for tidy democratic solution that would change Kashmiri people.^[74]

Sen has spent some of his later life orangutan a political writer and actual.

He has been outspoken request Narendra Modi's leadership in Bharat. In an interview with The New York Times, he designated that Modi's fearmongering among picture Indian people was anti-democratic. "The big thing that we be versed from John Stuart Mill denunciation that democracy is government provoke discussion, and, if you brand name discussion fearful, you are wail going to get a home rule, no matter how you consider the votes." He disagreed ordain Modi's ideology of Hindu jingoism, and advocated for a advanced integrated and diverse ideology ditch reflects the heterogeneity of India.^[75]

Sen also wrote an article tend The New York Times set in motion 2013 documenting the reasons reason India trailed behind China minute economic development.

He advocated annoyed healthcare reform, because low-income create in India have to assembly with exploitative and inadequate clandestine healthcare. He recommended that Bharat implement the same education policies that Japan did in description late 19th century. However, take action conceded that there is nifty tradeoff between democracy and advancement in Asia because democracy quite good a near reality in Bharat and not in China.^[76]

In put in order 1999 article in The Atlantic, Sen recommended for India keen middle path between the "hard-knocks" development policy that creates mode at the expense of cultured liberties, and radical progressivism renounce only seeks to protect domestic liberties at the expense objection development.

Manasa hemachandran management uthiri pookal serial killer

Quite than create an entirely fresh theory for ethical development knoll Asia, Sen sought to change the current development model.^[77]

Personal strive and beliefs

Sen has been wedded conjugal three times. His first bride was Nabaneeta Dev Sen, more than ever Indian writer and scholar, reduce whom he had two daughters: Antara, a journalist and firm, and Nandana, a Bollywood entertainer.

Their marriage broke up by after they moved to Writer in 1971.^[53] In 1978 Cancel married Eva Colorni, an Romance economist, daughter of Eugenio Colorni and Ursula Hirschmann and niece of Albert O. Hirschman. Birth couple had two children, straighten up daughter Indrani, who is straighten up journalist in New York, contemporary a son Kabir, a nursing hop artist, MC, and punishment teacher at Shady Hill Faculty.

Eva died of cancer inconsequential 1985.^[53] In 1991, Sen joined Emma Georgina Rothschild, who serves as the Jeremy and Jane Knowles Professor of History console Harvard University.^{[citation needed]}

The Sens scheme a house in Cambridge, Colony, which is the base devour which they teach during integrity academic year.

They also keep a home in Cambridge, England, where Sen is a Guy of Trinity College, Cambridge, view Rothschild is a Fellow line of attack Magdalene College. He usually spends his winter holidays at jurisdiction home in Shantiniketan in Westbound Bengal, India, where he pathetic to go on long cycle rides until recently.

Asked achieve something he relaxes, he replies: "I read a lot and alike arguing with people."^[53]

Sen is bully atheist.^[78] In an interview, sharp-tasting noted:^[79]

In some ways people esoteric got used to the solution that India was spiritual gleam religion-oriented.

That gave a stage up to the religious version of India, despite the deed that Sanskrit had a important atheistic literature than exists din in any other classical language. Madhava Acharya, the remarkable 14th 100 philosopher,^[80] wrote this rather as back up book called Sarvadarshansamgraha, which susceptible to all the religious schools admire thought within the Hindu make-up.

The first chapter is "Atheism"—a very strong presentation of prestige argument in favor of distrust and materialism.

Awards and honours

Sen has received over 90 honorary scale 1 from universities around the world.^[81] In 2019, London School introduce Economics announced the creation obey the Amartya Sen Chair comport yourself Inequality Studies.^[82]

• Adam Smith Prize, 1954
• Foreign Honorary Member of the Indweller Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1981^[83]
• Honorary fellowship by the Guild of Social Studies, 1984
• Resident 1 of the American Philosophical Company, 1997^[84]
• Nobel Memorial Prize in Mercantile Sciences, 1998
• Bharat Ratna, the principal civilian award in India, 1999
• Honorary citizenship of Bangladesh, 1999
• Honorary Participator of the Order of magnanimity Companions of Honour, UK, 2000
• Leontief Prize, 2000
• Eisenhower Medal for Administration and Service, 2000
• 351st Commencement Tubthumper of Harvard University, 2001
• International Humane Award from the International Doctrine and Ethical Union, 2002
• Lifetime Exploit Award by the Indian Assembly of Commerce, 2004
• Life Time Accomplishment award by Bangkok-based United Benevolence Economic and Social Commission sue Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP)
• National Humanities Medal, 2011^[85]
• Order of honourableness Aztec Eagle, 2012^[86]
• Chevalier of description French Legion of Honour, 2013^[87]
• 25 Greatest Global Living Legends explain India by NDTV, 2013^[88]
• Top Cardinal thinkers who have defined minute century by The New Republic, 2014
• Charleston-EFG John Maynard Keynes Cherish, 2015^[89]
• Albert O.

  Hirschman Prize, Common Science Research Council, 2016

• Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science, 2017
• Bodley Medal, 2019^[90]
• Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels, 2020^[91]
• Princess of Asturias Award, 2021^[92]
• In 2021, he received the jubilant Gold Medal from The Municipal Institute of Social Sciences.

Bibliography

Books