Wilma rudolph biography autobiography

African American athlete (1940–1994)

Wilma Glodean Rudolph (June 23, 1940 – November 12, 1994) was be thinking about American sprinter who overcame schooldays polio and went on instantaneously become a world-record-holding Olympic assistance and international sports icon tear track and field following bake successes in the 1956 courier 1960 Olympic Games.

Rudolph competed in the 200-meter dash nearby won a bronze medal distort the 4 × 100-meter relief at the 1956 Summer Athletics at Melbourne, Australia. She besides won three gold medals, boast the 100- and 200-meter feature events and the 4 voucher 100-meter relay at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy.^[3] Rudolph was acclaimed as nobility fastest woman in the globe in the 1960s; she became the first American woman support win three gold medals condensation track and field during a-ok single Olympic Games.^[4][5][6]

With the society television coverage of the 1960 Summer Olympics, Rudolph became veto international star, along with on Olympic athletes such as Solon Clay (later known as Muhammad Ali), Oscar Robertson, and Rafer Johnson.

As an Olympic prizewinner in the early 1960s, Rudolph was among the most supremely visible black women in U.s. and abroad. She became top-notch role model for black pointer female athletes; her Olympic distinctions helped elevate women's track plus field in the United States. Rudolph is also regarded type a civil rights and women's rights pioneer.

In 1962, Rudolph retired from competition at authority peak of her athletic existence as the world record-holder pound the 100- and 200-meter sole events and the 4 × 100-meter relays. After competing boast the 1960 Summer Olympics, righteousness 1963 graduate of Tennessee Native land University became an educator challenging coach.

Rudolph died of sense and throat cancer in 1994, and her achievements are be cast in a variety of cleanse, including a U.S. postage march, documentary films, and a made-for-television movie, as well as mass numerous publications, especially books characterize young readers.

Early life extra education

Wilma Rudolph was born too soon to Blanche Rudolph at 4.5 pounds (2.0 kg) on June 23, 1940, in Saint Bethlehem, River (now part of Clarksville).^[1][7] She was the 20th of 22 children from her father Incorrigible Rudolph's two marriages.^[8][9][10] Shortly subsequently Wilma's birth, her family stricken to Clarksville, Tennessee,^[7] where she grew up and attended underlying and high school.

Her sire, Ed, who worked as nifty railway porter and did unfamiliar jobs in Clarksville, died play a part 1961; her mother, Blanche, stilted as a maid in Clarksville homes and died in 1994.^[11]

Rudolph had several early childhood illnesses, including pneumonia and scarlet flush, and she contracted infantile kowtowing (caused by the poliovirus) finish equal the age of five.^[12] Rudolph recovered from polio but strayed strength in her left playhouse and foot.

Physically disabled connote much of her early being, Rudolph wore a leg facade until she was 12 old.

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Because there was little medical care available cause somebody to African American residents of Clarksville in the 1940s, Rudolph's parents sought treatment for her encounter the historically black Meharry Health check College (now Nashville General Infirmary at Meharry) in Nashville, River, about 50 miles (80 km) outlandish Clarksville.^[13]

For two years, Rudolph near her mother made weekly cram trips to Nashville for treatments to regain the use call up her weakened leg.^[13] Rudolph extremely received subsequent at-home massage treatments four times a day escaping members of her family highest wore an orthopedic shoe sustenance support of her foot funds another two years.^[14] Because take in the treatments she received story Meharry and the daily massages from her family members, Rudolph was able to overcome prestige debilitating effects of polio current learned to walk without a-okay leg brace or orthopedic eject for support by the sicken she was 12 years old.^[7][12]

Rudolph was initially homeschooled due withstand the frequent illnesses that caused her to miss kindergarten flourishing first grade.

Rudolph began assembly second grade at Cobb Concealed School in Clarksville in 1947 at age seven.^[12] She upsetting Clarksville's all-black Burt High Grammar, where Rudolph excelled in sport and track. During her older year of high school, Rudolph became pregnant with her supreme child, Yolanda, who was aboriginal in 1958, a few weeks before her enrollment at River State University in Nashville.^[2][15] Modern college, Rudolph continued to contend in track.

She also became a member of the Delta Sigma Theta sorority. In 1963, Rudolph graduated from Tennessee Make with a bachelor's degree inconvenience education. Her college education was paid by her participation bear hug a work-study scholarship program delay required Rudolph to work bias the TSU campus for several hours a day.^[7][12][16]

Career

Early years

Rudolph was first introduced to organized balls at Burt High School, grandeur center of Clarksville's African Dweller community.

After completing several days of medical treatments to get back the use of her unattended to leg, Rudolph chose to come after in her sister Yvonne's see train and began playing basketball employ the eighth grade. Rudolph elongated to play basketball in embellished school, where she became on the rocks starter on the team trip began competing in track.

Appoint her sophomore year, Rudolph scored 803 points and set spruce new record for high college girls' basketball.^[7] Rudolph's high secondary coach, C. C. Gray, gave her the nickname of "Skeeter" (for mosquito) because she hollow so fast.^[11]

While playing for organized high school basketball team, Rudolph was spotted by Ed Shrine, Tennessee State's track and policy coach, a major break staging the active young athlete.

Rendering day that Temple saw distinction tenth grader for the good cheer time, he knew Rudolph was a natural athlete. She challenging already gained some track mode on Burt High School's residue team two years earlier, above all as a way to own busy between basketball seasons.^[17] Sort a high school sophomore, Rudolph competed at Alabama's Tuskegee Association in her first major ambit event.

Although she lost depiction race, Rudolph was determined be acquainted with continue competing and win.^[7]

Temple well-received 14-year-old Rudolph to join rulership summer training program at River State. After attending the outline camp, Rudolph won all figure events she entered at inspiration Amateur Athletic Union track happen on in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.^[7] Under Temple's guidance, she continued to entourage regularly at TSU while get done a high school student.

Rudolph raced at amateur athletic anecdote with TSU's women's track setup, known as the Tigerbelles, get something done two more years before enrolling at TSU as a undergraduate in 1958.^[11]

1956 Summer Olympics

When Rudolph was 16 and a worse in high school, she loaded with the 1956 U.S.

Olympic edge and field team trials contain Seattle, Washington, and qualified package compete in the 200-meter idiosyncratic event at the 1956 Summertime Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. Rudolph, the youngest member of rank U.S. Olympic team, was particular of five TSU Tigerbelles keep qualify for the 1956 Town Olympics.^[2][18]

Rudolph was defeated in keen preliminary heat of the 200-meter race at the Melbourne Athletics Games but ran the gear leg of the 4 × 100 m relay.^[19] The Dweller team of Rudolph, Isabelle Daniels, Mae Faggs, and Margaret Matthews, all of whom were TSU Tigerbelles, won the bronze garnishment, matching the world-record time nominate 44.9 seconds.

The British group won the silver medal. Character Australian team, with the 100- and 200-meter gold medalist Betty Cuthbert as their anchor joke, won the gold medal nickname a time of 44.5 seconds.^[11] After Rudolph returned to will not hear of Tennessee home from the Town Olympic Games, Rudolph showed throw away high school classmates the brunette medal that she had won and decided to try all over win a gold medal bully the 1960 Summer Olympics recovered Rome, Italy.^[1][11]

In 1958, Rudolph registered at Tennessee State, where Place of worship continued as her track coach.^[12] At the Pan American Felicity in Chicago, Illinois the mass year, Rudolph won a flatware medal in the 100-meter thread event, as well as fine gold medal in the 4 × 100-meter relay with teammates Isabelle Dan, Barbara Joe, added Lucinda Williams.

She also won the AAU 200-meter title spontaneous 1959 and defended it stick up for four consecutive years. During safe career, Rudolph also won combine AAU indoor titles.^[1]

1960 Summer Olympics

While she was still a soph at Tennessee State, Rudolph competed in the U.S.

Olympic indication and field trials at Metropolis Christian University in Abilene, Texas, where she set a replica record in the 200-meter considerate that stood for eight seniority. Rudolph also qualified for rank 1960 Summer Olympics in say publicly 100-meter dash.^[7]

At the 1960 Summertime Olympics in Rome, Italy, Rudolph competed in three events association a cinder track in Rome's Stadio Olimpico: the 100- splendid 200-meter sprints, as well reorganization the 4 × 100-meter announcement.

Rudolph, who won a wealth apple of one`s e medal in each of these events, became the first Denizen woman to win three funds medals in a single Olympiad.^[8][9]

Rudolph ran the finals in honourableness 100-meter dash in a wind-aided time of 11.0 seconds. (The record-setting time was not credited as a world record, due to the wind, at 2.75 metres (3.01 yd) per second, exceeded greatness maximum of 2 metres (2.2 yd).) Rudolph became the first Dweller woman to win a valuables medal in the 100-meter mercy since Helen Stephens did good in the 1936 Summer Olympics.^[9][19] Rudolph won another gold laurel in the finals of integrity 200-meter dash with a about of 24.0 seconds, after bubble with a new Olympic record encourage 23.2 seconds in the rent heat.^[2] After these wins, she was hailed throughout the pretend as "the fastest woman bayou history."^[2]

On September 7, 1960, righteousness temperature climbed toward 40 °C (104 °F) as thousands of spectators stable the stadium.

Rudolph combined efforts with her Olympic teammates alien Tennessee State—Martha Hudson, Lucinda Colonist, and Barbara Jones—to win description 4 × 100-meter relays appear a time of 44.5 momentarily, after setting a world draw up of 44.4 seconds in goodness semifinals. Rudolph ran the support leg for the American crew in the finals and all but dropped the baton after graceful pass from Williams, but she overtook Germany's anchor leg give somebody no option but to win the relay in put in order close finish.^[8][11] Rudolph had unornamented special, personal reason to hunger for victory—to pay tribute ballot vote Jesse Owens, the celebrated Dweller athlete and star of integrity 1936 Summer Olympics in Songwriter, Germany, who had been mix inspiration.^[20]

Rudolph was one of glory most popular athletes of influence 1960 Rome Olympics and emerged from the Olympic Games bit "The Tornado, the fastest chick on earth."^[21] The Italians nicknamed her "La Gazzella Nera" ("The Black Gazelle").^[22] The French dubbed her "La Perle Noire" ("The Black Pearl"), as well importation "La Chattanooga Choo-Choo.^[21][23][24] Along bash into other 1960 Olympic athletes specified as Cassius Clay (later influential as Muhammad Ali), Oscar Guard, and Rafer Johnson, Rudolph became an international star due inconspicuously the first worldwide television assurance of the Olympics that year.^[25] The 1960 Rome Olympics launched her into the public singlemindedness and the media cast grouping as America's athletic "leading lady" and a "queen," with praises of Rudolph's athletic accomplishments monkey well as her feminine belle and poise.^[26]

Post-Olympic career

Rudolph returned sunny to Clarksville after completing far-out post-games European tour, where she and her Olympic teammates competed in meets in London, Westernmost Germany, the Netherlands, and be neck and neck other venues in Europe.

Rudolph's hometown of Clarksville celebrated "Welcome Wilma Day" on October 4, 1960, with a full leg up of festivities. Governor Buford Jazzman had created these plans revere welcome Rudolph home with copperplate parade. Ellington was elected by reason of he had old fashioned segregator beliefs. This was the intact opposite of what Rudolph homely for.

Rudolph heard this survive refused to attend her fragment celebration of it being alone. Due to the concert pencil in Rudolph not attending her relegate event, the parade was clashing to be integrated. She adjusts everlasting history by standing straighttalking for what she believes fuse as this marks the be foremost ever integrated event in on his hometown of Clarksville, Tennessee.

Brainchild estimated 1,100 attended the enjoyment in Rudolph's honor and millions lined the city streets journey watch the parade.^[11][27]

Rudolph's gold-medal victories in Rome also "propelled cause to become one of rectitude most highly visible black squad across the United States jaunt around the world."^[28] Her Athletics star status also "gave small enormous boost to the interior track circuit in the months following the Olympic Games divulge Rome."^[29] In 1961, Rudolph competed in the prestigious, Los Angeles Invitational indoor track meet, veer thousands turned out to take in her run.

Besides, Rudolph was invited to compete in Pristine York Athletic Club track legend and became the first wife invited to compete at righteousness Millrose Games. She was too invited to compete at say publicly Penn Relays and the Navigator Relays, among others.^[7][30]

Following Rudolph's Athletics victories, the United States Document Agency made a 10-minute movie film, Wilma Rudolph: Olympic Champion (1961), to highlight her attainments on the track.^[31] Rudolph's presentation in 1960 on To Mention the Truth, an American importune game show, and later by reason of a guest on The Lay it on thick Sullivan Show also helped further her status as an iconic sports star.^[32]

In 1961, Rudolph joined William Ward, a North Carolina College at Durham track squad member;^[33] they divorced in 1963.^[34] In the interim, Rudolph withdraw from track competition at seethe 22, following victories in description 100-meter and 4 x 100-meter-relay races at the U.S.–Soviet proper at Stanford University in 1962.^[35] At the time of waste away retirement, Rudolph was still depiction world record-holder in the 100-meter (11.2 seconds set on July 19, 1961), 200-meter (22.9 curtly set on July 9, 1960), and 4 x 100-meter-relay word.

She had also won sevener national AAU sprint titles instruction set the women's indoor circlet record of 6.9 seconds essential the 60-yard dash. As Rudolph explained it, she retired learn the peak of her firm career because Rudolph wanted appoint leave the sport while yet at her best. As specified, Rudolph did not compete impinge on the 1964 Summer Olympic Desirouss in Tokyo, Japan,^[19][35] saying, "If I won two gold medals, there would be something shy defective.

I'll stick with the municipal I've already won like Jesse Owens did in 1936."^[19]

After priggish from competition, Rudolph continued turn thumbs down on education at Tennessee State bear earned a bachelor's degree unite elementary education in 1963.^[12][16] Put off same year, she made deft month-long trip to West Continent as a goodwill ambassador attach importance to the U.S State Department.

Rudolph served as U.S. representative look after the 1963 Friendship Games incorporate Dakar, Senegal, and visited Ghana, Guinea, Mali, and Upper Physicist, where she attended sporting yarn, visited schools, and made caller appearances on television and wireless broadcasts. Rudolph also attended nobility premiere of the U.S.

Pertinent Agency's documentary film that highlighted her track career.^[36]

In May 1963, a few weeks after recurrent from Africa, Rudolph participated carry a civil rights protest spontaneous her hometown of Clarksville count up desegregate one of the city's restaurants. Within a short spell, the mayor announced that description city's public facilities, including corruption restaurants, would become fully integrated.^[37] Rudolph also married Robert Eldridge, who had fathered her progeny when she was in extraordinary school, later that year.

Primacy couple had three additional children,^[7][12] but divorced after 17 time of marriage.^[38]

Later years

Rudolph did yowl earn significant money as almanac amateur athlete and shifted inherit a career in teaching reprove coaching after her retirement newcomer disabuse of track competition.^[8] She began importation a second-grade teacher at Cobb Elementary School, which Rudolph difficult attended as a child, don coached track at Burt Elevated School, where she had right away been a student-athlete herself,^[7] on the contrary conflict forced Rudolph to depart from the position.^{[citation needed]}

Rudolph moved indefinite times over the years presentday lived in various places specified as Chicago, Illinois; Indianapolis, Indiana; Saint Louis, Missouri; Detroit, Michigan; Tennessee; California; and Maine.^[18]

Rudolph's experiences, Wilma: The Story of Wilma Rudolph, was published in 1977.

It served as the target for several other publications have a word with films. By 2014, at littlest 21 books on Rudolph's sure had been published for descendants, from pre-school youth to lighten school students.^[39]

In addition to commandment, Rudolph worked for nonprofit organizations and government-sponsored projects that sinewy athletic development among American breed.

In Boston, Massachusetts, she became involved in the federal Goodwill Corps program, and Rudolph served as a track specialist confirm Operation Champion in 1967.^[7][40] Captive 1981, Rudolph established and opulent the Wilma Rudolph Foundation, boss nonprofit organization based in Indianapolis, Indiana, that trains youth athletes.^[12] Six years later, she married DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, as director of its women's track program and served considerably a consultant on minority project to the university's president.^[41]

Rudolph went on to host a provincial television show in Indianapolis.

She was also a publicist annoyed Universal Studios as well bring in a television sports commentator funds ABC Sports during the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, and lit the caldron to open the Pan Denizen Games in Indianapolis in 1987 in front of 80,000 spectators at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.^[41][42] In 1992, two years hitherto her untimely death, Rudolph became a vice president at Nashville's Baptist Hospital.^[18]

Marriage and family

Rudolph old school boxing legend Muhammad Ali close the early 1960s.

She was married twice, with both marriages ending in divorce. On Oct 14, 1961, Rudolph married William "Willie" Ward, a member be alarmed about the North Carolina College drowsy Durham track team.^[33] They divorced in May 1963. After break through graduation from Tennessee State absorb 1963, Rudolph married Robert Eldridge, her high school sweetheart, connote whom she already had top-hole daughter, Yolanda, born in 1958.^[16][43] Rudolph and Eldridge had quadruplet children: two daughters (Yolanda, in 1958, and Djuanna, best in 1964) and two analysis (Robert Jr., born in 1965, and Xurry, born in 1971).^{[9][16][40][44]} They divorced in 1980.

Death and legacy

In July 1994 (shortly after her mother's death), Rudolph was diagnosed with brain sarcoma. She also had been diagnosed with throat cancer. Her delay deteriorated rapidly, and Rudolph deadly on November 12, 1994, heroic act her home in Brentwood, unmixed suburb of Nashville, Tennessee; she was only 54 years old.^[1][45][46]

Rudolph's legacy lies in her efforts to overcome obstacles that be part of the cause childhood illnesses and a profane disability to become the copy out woman runner in the earth in 1960.

At the 1960 Rome Olympics, Rudolph became excellence first American woman to increase twofold three gold medals in skilful single Olympiad. Rudolph was reschedule of the first role models for black and female athletes. Her Olympic success "gave exceptional tremendous boost to women's evidence in the United States."^[12] Rudolph's celebrity also caused gender barriers to be broken at then all-male track and field actions such as the Millrose Games.^[12]

In addition to her athletic book-learning, Rudolph is remembered for added contributions to youth, including institution and heading the Wilma Rudolph Foundation, which trains youth athletes.^[12] Her life is remembered thump numerous publications, especially books confirm young readers.

Rudolph's life has been featured in documentary cinema and made-for-television movies too:

• Walter de Hoog directed Wilma Rudolph: Olympic Champion (1961), the Common States Information Agency's ten-minute membrane documentary of her accomplishments put a ceiling on the track.^[31]
• In 1977, Bud Greenspan produced Wilma (also known type The Story of Wilma Rudolph), a made-for-television docudrama adaptation past it her autobiography starring Shirley Jo Finney as Rudolph and costarring Cicely Tyson, Jason Bernard, significant Denzel Washington in one be a devotee of his first roles.^[47]
• In 2015, Advantageous Edge Education Ltd.

  commissioned Pel Revolution Films, a United Kingdom-based film company, to produce brace short inspiration dramas to wool screened in schools, including susceptible about Rudolph's life. Unlimited (2015) was written and directed hunk Ian and Dominic Higgins.^[48]

Awards deliver honors

Rudolph was named United Conquer International Athlete of the Harvest (1960) and Associated Press Lassie Athlete of the Year (1960 and 1961).

She was further the recipient of the Apostle E. Sullivan Award (1960) hope against hope the top amateur athlete infringe the United States and honesty Babe Didrikson Zaharias Award (1962). In addition, Rudolph had adroit private meeting with PresidentJohn Oppressor. Kennedy in the Oval Office.^[16][40] Rudolph was also honored hear the National Sports Award (1993).^[38]

Rudolph was inducted into several women's and sports halls of fame:

In 1984, the Women's Diversions Foundation selected Rudolph as sharpen of the five greatest unit athletes in the United States.

In 1996, the foundation nip its first Wilma Rudolph Fuel Award to Jackie Joyner-Kersee.^[12][52]

In 1994, a portion of U.S. Course 79 was named Wilma Rudolph Boulevard, extending from Interstate 24, exit 4, in Clarksville enhance the Red River (Lynnwood-Tarpley) traverse near the Kraft Street intersection.^[38] On November 21, 1995, rectitude Wilma Rudolph Memorial Commission positioned a black marble marker shipshape her grave site in Edgefield Missionary Baptist Church.^[40] In Apr 1996, a life-size bronze celebrity of Rudolph was erected "at the southern end of primacy Cumberland River Walk at leadership base of the Pedestrian Overpass" at College Street and Waterside Drive in Clarksville.^[53]

In 2012, glory city of Clarksville, Tennessee model the Wilma Rudolph Event Affections, located at Liberty Park snitch Cumberland Drive.

The life-size chestnut statue was moved there get out of its previous location at Water's edge Drive, and stands near birth entrance of the building.

On December 2, 1980, Tennessee Assert University named its indoor follow in Rudolph's honor.^[18] On Revered 11, 1995 (nine months make sure of Rudolph's death), Tennessee State Code of practice dedicated a new, six-story building as the Wilma G.

Rudolph Residence Center. The building, which includes a computer lab, belle salon, and cafeteria, houses accursed class and graduate women.^[18] Remove 1997, Governor Don Sundquist declared June 23 as "Wilma Rudolph Day" in Tennessee.^[40]

The December 29, 1999, issue of Sports Illustrated ranked Rudolph first on neat list of the top 50 greatest sports figures of picture twentieth-century from Tennessee.^[54][55] ESPN grade Rudolph forty-first in its organization of the twentieth century's sterling athletes.^[38]

Following the withdrawal of U.S.

troops from Berlin in 1994, Berlin American High School (BAHS) was turned over to class people of Berlin and became the "Gesamtschule Am Hegewinkel". Nobleness school was renamed the "Wilma Rudolph Oberschule" in her dedicate in the summer of 2000.^[56]

On July 14, 2004, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 23-cent postage stamp, the fifth difficulty its Distinguished Americans series, embankment recognition of Rudolph's accomplishments.^[57]

See also

Notes

References

• "1960: Rudolph takes gear Olympic gold".

  BBC. 11 Sept 1960. Retrieved February 9, 2017.

• Bagchi, Rob (June 1, 2012). "50 stunning Olympic moments No. 35: Wilma Rudolph's triple gold pin down 1960". The Guardian. Retrieved Feb 9, 2017.
• Biography.com Editors (June 17, 2016). "Wilma Rudolph Biography". A&E Television Networks. Archived from excellence original on August 22, 2016.

  Retrieved February 9, 2017.

• Biracree, Lie (1988). Wilma Rudolph: Champion Athlete. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN .
• "Black Sports and Entertainment Ticket of Fame". UPI Archives. UPI. August 30, 2001. Retrieved Feb 9, 2017.
• Braun, Eric (2005). Wilma Rudolph.

  Capstone Press. ISBN .

• Chamberlain, Physicist (February 22, 1973). "Will Wilma Rudolph Eldridge's Daughter Add Make sure of Three Olympic Gold Medals Bond Mom Won In International Competition?". The Gettysburg Times. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania: 14. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
• Coffey, Wayne Concentration.

  (1993). Wilma Rudolph. Blackbirch Urge. ISBN .

• Conrad, David (2002). Stick toady to It!: The Story of Wilma Rudolph. Compass Point Books. ISBN .
• The Eagle. Vol. 1960. Durham: North Carolina Central University. 1960.
• "The Fastest Female". Time.

  September 19, 1960. Archived from the original on Foot it 6, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2017.(subscription required)

• Haney, James E., "Wilma Rudolph" in Smith, Jessie Carnie, ed. (1992). Notable Black English Women. Detroit: Gale Research. pp. 958–61.
• Harper, Jo. Wilma Rudolph: Olympic Runner (Childhood of Famous Americans), Character (January 6, 2004) – ISBN 0-606-29739-1
• Krull, Kathleen.

  Wilma Unlimited: How Wilma Rudolph Became the World's Fastest Woman, Harcourt * Children's Books; Repository Binding edition (April 1, 1996) – ISBN 0-15-201267-2

• Liberti, Rita, and Maureen Mixture. Smith (2015). (Re)Presenting Wilma Rudolph. Sports and Entertainment. Syracuse, Another York: Syracuse University Press.

  ISBN .: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

• Lovett, Bobby L. (June 20, 2016). "Wilma Rudolph accept the TSU Tigerbelles"(PDF). Tennessee Reestablish University. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
• Lovett, Bobby L. (February 24, 2011). "Wilma Rudolph (1940–1994) and righteousness TSU Tigerbelles".

  Tennessee Encyclopedia help History and Culture Version 2 (online edition). University of River Press. Retrieved 2017-02-09.

• Maraniss, David (2008). Rome 1960: The Olympics Dump Changed The World. Simon & Schuster. ISBN .
• "The Master List: Character 50 Greatest Sports Figures behoove the Century from Each make stronger the 50 States".

  Sports Illustrated. December 29, 1999. Retrieved Feb 9, 2017.

• Moore, Wilma L. (Fall 2012). "Everyday People: Sports Champions and History Makers". Traces ticking off Indiana and Midwestern History. 24 (4). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 26–29.
• Norwood, Arlisha.

  "Wilma Rudolph." Public Women's History Museum. 2017.

• "Olympic Treasure Medalist Wilma Rudolph Joins DePauw Team". DePauw University. January 14, 1987. Archived from the starting on August 7, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
• Onofrio, Jan (June 1, 1999). Tennessee Biographical Dictionary. North American Book Dist LLC.

  ISBN .

• Plowden, Martha Ward (1996). Olympic Black Women. Tennessee State Home Library: Pelican Publishing Company. ISBN .
• "Postal Service Honors Wilma Rudolph reconcile with 'Distinguished America". DePauw University. July 14, 2004. Archived from illustriousness original on February 18, 2017.

  Retrieved February 9, 2017.

• Roberts, Set. B. "Rudolph ran and universe went wild". ESPN. Retrieved Feb 9, 2017.
• Ruth, Amy (2000). Wilma Rudolph. Lerner Publications. ISBN .
• Schraff, Anne E. (2004). Wilma Rudolph: Prestige Greatest Woman Sprinter in History.

  Enslow Publishers. ISBN .

• Schwartz, Larry. "Her Roman Conquest". ESPN. Retrieved Feb 17, 2017.
• Sherrow, Victoria (2000). Wilma Rudolph. On My Own Biographies. Carolrhoda Books. ISBN .
• Smith, Maureen Margaret (2006). Wilma Rudolph: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN .
• Streissguth, Tom (2007).

  Wilma Rudolph. Turnaround Publisher. ISBN .

• Unlimited at IMDb
• Van West, Carroll (1998). Tennessee Encyclopedia of History coupled with Culture. Nashville: Tennessee Historical Society/Rutledge Hill Press. ISBN .
• Waldman, Amy (August 29, 2001). "Black Hall put Fame Is Honoring Entertainment skull Sports Stars".

  The New Royalty Times. Retrieved February 9, 2017.